1. Columba: Pigeon is a broad term for pigeons in the genus Columba. The most common pigeon in the western world is the domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) and it is also the species most people refer to when talking about pigeons
2. Occurrence: Pigeons live in all parts of the world except the South Pole (Antarctica)
3. Pairing: Unless forced to separate, pigeon pairs usually stay together for life. Pigeons especially live together as pairs during the mating season, but otherwise tend to always live in flocks of up to 500 other pigeons (depending on how much food is available)
4. Mating: Pigeons mate when there is enough food to support the development of an egg. In cities, this can happen throughout the year. The maximum number of egg-layings per year is 6
5. Feces: Throughout the history of the world, pigeon feces has been a valuable commodity; both in Ancient Egypt where it had cosmetic uses, but also in England where it was owned by the royal family for centuries and used to make gunpowder
6. Pigeon milk: Pigeons – like flamingos and penguins – can produce a milky secretion, aptly named ‘pigeon milk’. Both male and female pigeons can produce pigeon milk and the production takes place in the ‘inn’, which is a kind of opening in the esophagus. Pigeons feed pigeon milk to their young by regurgitation (a form of regurgitation). Nutritionally, pigeon milk has little in common with mammalian breast milk, but pigeon chicks feed on it for the first week of their lives
7. Pigeon racing: Pigeon racing is a popular sport that is played internationally. Winning a big pigeon race can bring in millions of dollars and the racing pigeons can sell for thousands of dollars at auction
8. Food: In the spring, urban pigeons can occasionally be seen eating grass seeds or berries in parks, gardens and the like, but in cities there is generally enough litter for pigeons to survive
9. Intelligence: Pigeons are highly intelligent compared to many other birds and animals. They are among some of the only ones to pass the so-called ‘mirror test’, which tests an animal’s ability to recognize itself in a mirror
10. Pigeon eggs: Pigeon eggs have been consumed by humans for as long as we have existed. Especially in China, pigeon eggs have had many gastronomic uses throughout history

 

Fact: Humans have been using carrier pigeons for thousands of years (note: image has been retouched – real carrier pigeons don’t wear clothes…)

 

Pigeons and humans

• Mesopotamia: Pigeons have lived side by side with humans for thousands of years and the first records of their coexistence with humans date back to 5000-year-old Mesopotamian stone tablets
• Darwin: Pigeons were a central part of Darwin’s work when he developed his theory of evolution
• Picasso: Picasso greatly admired pigeons and often painted pictures of them. He even named his daughter Paloma, which means ‘dove’ in Spanish
• Table tennis: A behavioral psychologist named B. F. Skinner taught his pigeons a primitive form of table tennis, using their wings as bats

 

Facts about racing pigeons

• 3000 years: Humans have been using pigeons to carry messages for at least 3000 years
• 1100 km: The homing pigeon is an independent variant of the domestic pigeon, bred to find homes over long distances (up to 1,100 km)
• 140 km/h: Homing pigeons fly at an average speed of around 80 km/h, but some racing pigeons can reach speeds of up to 140 km/h over short distances
• OL: It was a carrier pigeon that brought the results of the first Olympic Games in 776 BC.
• Napoleon: In 1815, it was also a carrier pigeon that delivered the news of Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo to British stockbroker Nathan M. Rothschild. He was the first Briton to know the outcome of the battle, giving him a huge advantage on the stock market and making him a very rich man
• World Wars: In both the First and Second World War a few carrier pigeons were honored for their courage and efforts, as their messages saved the lives of thousands of soldiers. Almost 1 million carrier pigeons participated in the two world wars
• Reuters: Paul Julius Reuters literally built his news empire on carrier pigeons, which at the time were much faster than the mail train (although pigeons were replaced by telegraphs in 1851)
• India: In the city of Orrisa, India, the police used carrier pigeons until 2006

 

Frequently asked questions about pigeons

10 Common Qqestions about pigeons

1. Can pigeons swim?

No, pigeons cannot swim. While some birds, like ducks or swans, are well-suited for swimming due to their body structure and waterproof feathers, pigeons are not. Their bodies are not designed for life in the water, and they may struggle if submerged, though they are known to enjoy shallow baths to keep their feathers clean.

2. Can pigeons see in the dark?

Pigeons have relatively poor night vision. While their eyes are adapted to detect colors and movements during the day, they are not well-equipped for seeing in low-light conditions. However, they can navigate in dim light but would struggle in complete darkness.

3. Can pigeons fly at night?

Pigeons typically do not fly at night because they rely heavily on vision for navigation. However, they can fly in low-light conditions during dawn or dusk if necessary. Nighttime flying is uncommon and risky for them unless they’re disturbed or in danger.

4. Can pigeons be pets?

Yes, pigeons can be kept as pets. Domesticated pigeons, also known as homing pigeons or fancy pigeons, have been bred for various traits and can live comfortably in human care. They are known to be gentle, intelligent birds that can even recognize their owners. Pigeons kept as pets need appropriate housing, care, and companionship.

5. Can pigeons have rabies?

No, pigeons cannot get or transmit rabies. Rabies is a virus that primarily affects mammals, and birds, including pigeons, are not carriers of the disease. While pigeons may carry other diseases, rabies is not one of them.

6. Can pigeons carry their eggs?

Pigeons cannot carry their eggs. Like most birds, pigeons lay their eggs in a nest, typically made of twigs and debris. The female pigeon incubates the eggs in the nest until they hatch, and the chicks stay there until they are ready to leave.

7. Can pigeons hear?

Yes, pigeons can hear, but their hearing range is different from that of humans. Pigeons are sensitive to low-frequency sounds, which helps them detect environmental changes, like distant storms or infrasound. Their ability to hear low-frequency sounds is one of the reasons pigeons are excellent navigators.

8. Can pigeons survive in the wild?

Yes, pigeons can survive in the wild. While urban pigeons rely on humans for food scraps, pigeons in rural or natural environments can forage for seeds, fruits, and small insects. Their natural instincts, ability to find food, and strong flying skills allow them to live and thrive in the wild.

9. Can pigeons remember faces?

Yes, pigeons can remember faces. Studies have shown that pigeons are capable of recognizing and distinguishing between human faces. They can remember which people have fed them and which ones have threatened them, using this information to guide their future interactions.

10. Can pigeons regrow tail feathers?

Yes, pigeons can regrow their tail feathers. Like other birds, pigeons molt periodically, which means they naturally lose and replace their feathers, including tail feathers. If a pigeon loses a tail feather due to injury, it will grow back during its next molting cycle.

Pigeons and other birds

Can pigeons and doves mate?

Yes, pigeons and doves can mate. Pigeons and doves belong to the same bird family, Columbidae, and some species are closely related enough to interbreed, producing hybrid offspring. However, this is more common in domesticated environments where they are kept together, and the likelihood of mating depends on the specific species involved.

Can pigeons and doves live together?

Yes, pigeons and doves can live together peacefully, especially if they are kept in a large aviary with enough space. They are both social birds and can cohabitate without much conflict, provided there is adequate room for each bird to establish its own territory. It’s important to ensure they have enough food and nesting areas to prevent competition.

Can pigeons and chickens live together?

Yes, pigeons and chickens can live together, but there are some challenges to consider. Chickens are larger and more dominant, so they may bully or intimidate pigeons, especially in confined spaces. If you plan to house them together, provide ample space, perches for pigeons to escape to, and separate feeding areas to avoid conflict.

Can pigeons and chickens breed?

No, pigeons and chickens cannot breed. They are from entirely different bird families, with significant genetic differences that prevent them from producing offspring. Pigeons belong to the Columbidae family, while chickens are part of the Phasianidae family, making interbreeding biologically impossible.

Can pigeons and seagulls breed?

No, pigeons and seagulls cannot breed. They are from different bird families—pigeons belong to the Columbidae family, and seagulls are part of the Laridae family. Their significant differences in size, habitat preferences, and genetics make breeding between these species impossible.

Can pigeons and quails live together?

Pigeons and quails can live together under certain conditions, but careful management is needed. Pigeons prefer higher spaces and perches, while quails stay closer to the ground, which can help them cohabitate peacefully. However, care should be taken to provide adequate space, separate feeding areas, and ensure the quails are not harassed by the pigeons.

Can pigeons and crows mate?

No, pigeons and crows cannot mate. These birds are from different families—pigeons belong to the Columbidae family, while crows are part of the Corvidae family. They have vastly different behaviors, genetics, and physical characteristics, making mating between them impossible.

What does pigeons eat?

Can pigeons eat bread?

Yes, pigeons can eat bread, but it is not a healthy option for them. Bread lacks essential nutrients and can fill them up without providing adequate nourishment. Feeding pigeons large amounts of bread can lead to malnutrition and other health issues. It’s best to offer them foods with more nutritional value.

Can pigeons eat rice?

Yes, pigeons can eat rice, both cooked and uncooked. The myth that uncooked rice harms birds is false. Rice provides carbohydrates and is generally safe for pigeons to eat in moderation. However, rice should not be the main part of their diet, as it lacks some essential nutrients they need.

Can pigeons eat chocolate?

No, pigeons should not eat chocolate. Like many animals, pigeons are sensitive to theobromine, a compound found in chocolate, which can be toxic and cause serious health problems, including heart issues and even death. It’s important to keep chocolate away from pigeons and other birds.

Can pigeons eat sunflower seeds?

Yes, pigeons can eat sunflower seeds, and they are a nutritious option. Sunflower seeds are high in healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals, making them a good food choice for pigeons, especially during colder months when they need extra energy. Just ensure the seeds are unsalted.

Can pigeons eat peanuts?

Yes, pigeons can eat peanuts, but they should be unsalted and given in moderation. Peanuts provide protein and fat, which can be beneficial for pigeons. However, whole peanuts should be broken into smaller pieces to avoid choking hazards.

Can pigeons eat oats?

Yes, pigeons can eat oats. Both raw and cooked oats are a good food choice for pigeons. Oats provide a good source of carbohydrates and fiber, which can help maintain a balanced diet. Rolled or steel-cut oats are preferred over instant oats with added flavors or sugars.

Can pigeons eat grapes?

Yes, pigeons can eat grapes. Grapes are a safe and nutritious treat for pigeons, as they are full of vitamins, water, and antioxidants. However, grapes should be offered in moderation because they are high in sugar.

Can pigeons eat strawberries?

Yes, pigeons can eat strawberries. Strawberries are a healthy and hydrating fruit for pigeons, rich in vitamins, particularly vitamin C. As with other fruits, they should be given in moderation due to their sugar content.

Can pigeons eat blueberries?

Yes, pigeons can eat blueberries. Blueberries are a great source of antioxidants and vitamins, making them a healthy treat for pigeons. These fruits are safe for pigeons to eat and can be given regularly, but always in moderation.

Can pigeons eat pumpkin seeds?

Yes, pigeons can eat pumpkin seeds. Pumpkin seeds are packed with nutrients such as protein, healthy fats, and vitamins. They should be given unsalted and shelled to make them easier for pigeons to eat.

This section provides information about the different foods pigeons can and cannot eat, helping to guide readers in making healthier choices for feeding pigeons.

What can pigeons drink?

Can pigeons drink milk?

No, pigeons should not drink milk. Pigeons, like all birds, are lactose intolerant, meaning they cannot properly digest lactose, a sugar found in milk. Feeding pigeons milk can lead to digestive issues and discomfort. Pigeons should only drink water, which provides the necessary hydration they need.

Can pigeons drink salt water?

No, pigeons cannot drink salt water. Drinking salt water can cause dehydration and kidney problems in pigeons. Unlike some seabirds that have specialized glands to filter salt from water, pigeons are not adapted to handle high salt levels. Fresh, clean water is the only suitable option for pigeons to stay hydrated.

Can pigeons drink pool water?

While pigeons may occasionally drink from pools, it’s not safe for them to do so. Pool water contains chemicals such as chlorine, which can be harmful if ingested in significant amounts. Pigeons should be given access to clean, fresh water rather than relying on potentially harmful sources like pool water.

This section provides important guidance on the types of liquids pigeons can safely drink, helping your readers care for them appropriately.